Anthropology’s significant contribution to both academic and applied research focused on Indigenous Australia has intensified over the last four decades. Among Aboriginal people and anthropologists themselves, debates have occurred as to the discipline’s earlier alignments with colonialism, and also its clear distinction among other social sciences as achieving deep understanding of Indigenous life. From the mid 1970s to the present, there has been a substantial effort from anthropologists both within and outside the universities to investigate a wide range of practical matters, including land claims, native title applications, cultural heritage issues, and related development project negotiations. These days, anthropologists with some experience in this work will likely find themselves in considerable demand from Indigenous organisations, governments, and industry groups.